Health Plan FAQ’s

The American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA) made a number of significant changes to the Affordable Care Act, but these changes applied only to 2021 and 2022 plans, and the provisions were scheduled to sunset as of December 31, 2022. Prior to ARPA, individuals and families in almost all cases were eligible for tax credits (also referred to as subsidies) based on their income falling between 100% (in non-Medicaid expansion states like Florida) and 138% (in Medicaid expansion states) and 400% of the Federal Poverty Level (see charts that apply for 2024 and 2025 in FAQ 13). These tax subsidies reduce the gross premium that would otherwise be due from the policyholder. Individuals and families falling above 400% of the Federal Poverty Level (FPL) could not previously qualify for tax credits.

Under ARPA, the subsidy calculations (see following chart) were liberalized based on income as a % of the cost of the second lowest benchmark Silver plan (see FAQ 17) in their zip code for those falling between 100 and 400% of the FPL, and people falling above 400% of the FPL became eligible for tax subsidies for the first time.

The Inflation Reduction Act extended these changes through December 31, 2025. These changes will sunset after that date unless legislation is passed.

Tax subsidies are calculated based on a person’s age, income, and zip code of residence. They’re calculated based on how their family income relates to the cost of the second lowest cost silver plan offered in their zip code. The cost of the plan differs according to age, zip code and family size, and the calculation assumes that all family members are non-smokers. Under the American Rescue Plan Act and as continued under the Inflation Reduction Act, the % of income requirements were lowered for all poverty levels, and those making over 400% are limited to paying 8.5% of their income for the second lowest cost silver plan in their area (this is referred to as the “benchmark” plan). Here is a comparison of the calculations used prior to ARPA and the calculations now used to determine subsidies:

Subsidy Calculations—Before And After ARPA
(Households Making Above 400% Of the FPL Are Now Eligible For Subsidies)

The Affordable Care Act established an Open Enrollment Period during which individuals and families must enroll UNLESS they have a "qualifying life event." Open enrollment for states that participate in the Federal Facilitated Marketplace (aka as the Federal Exchange) on healthcare.gov runs between November 1, 2024 and January 18, 2025 (extended from the normal January 15 cutoff). See FAQ 7 to learn more about Exchanges. Applications made between November 1 and December 15 have a January 1 effective date, and those made between December 16 and January 18 have a February 1 effective date.

State-based Exchanges are required, as a minimum, to follow the healthcare.gov open enrollment dates, but they are permitted to have earlier start dates and/or later end dates.

Contact your local state exchange for details if your state does not participate on healthcare.gov. Look here for information about state exchanges.

Carriers are permitted to offer non-subsidized plans purchased directly from the carrier (these are called “off-exchange” plans). Carriers are permitted to establish different dates for off-exchange open enrollment, but most carriers use the same dates for on-exchange and off-exchange open enrollment. Many, but not all, carriers offering ACA plans in Florida also offer off-exchange plans. See FAQ 7 for an explanation of exchanges.

You won't be eligible to enroll outside the Open Enrollment Period UNLESS you experience a "qualifying life event" and become eligible for a Special Enrollment Period (SEP). Please see this link that contains more information about Special Enrollment Periods.

Individuals and families who make less than 150% (but at least 100% in non-Medicaid expansion states or 138% in Medicaid expansion states of what is called the Federal Poverty Level have a continuing opportunity to enroll or change plans during the year.

Your effective date of coverage for a plan if you apply using a Special Election Period (SEP) will be the first day of the following month. Previously, you needed to apply for most SEP’s by the 15th of the month; if you applied after the 15th your effective date would have been the first of the second following month.

If you are applying for the first time or changing carriers, you must make your first payment (called a “binder payment”) prior to the effective date of coverage or as otherwise specified by the carrier.

When you apply for a plan on healthcare.gov, you will receive an eligibility verification notice. This notice will indicate the amount of household income you projected for the year, the amount, if any, of your advance premium tax credit (subsidy) that reduces your gross premium, and what documents, if any, you are required to submit to healthcare.gov. You may be required to submit proof of income, citizenship, and/or immigration status, and you also may be required to submit documentation proving your eligibility for the SEP.

Most SEP’s are for 60 days (the SEP for loss of Medicaid has a 90 day window after loss of coverage), and the effective date of coverage is the first day of the following month if you apply within the SEP eligibility period. However, some SEP’s have retroactive dates, and in these cases you can have the plan start retroactively or call healthcare.gov and request them to start the plan prospectively.

It can be very difficult to find correct information about these matters on healthcare.gov or other websites. Accordingly, we recommend calling us or on our cell at 786-970-0740 (Cell), so we can help you further.

Qualified Health Plans (see FAQ 6) must have networks. A network is a group of healthcare providers or pharmacies who are contracted with the insurance carrier to provide medical services or prescription drugs at a discounted rate.

ACA networks in many cases are smaller and more restrictive than they were before the ACA became effective. Before the ACA, PPO (Preferred Provider Organization) plans with large networks were common. These plans permitted you to go either in- or out-of- network (you would have paid more for going outside-of-network). While PPO networks still exist, new, smaller PPO networks have been introduced in some cases, and most ACA carriers don’t offer PPOs at all.

Now, most ACA plans offer Exclusive Provider Organization (EPO) networks that allow you to use any participating provider without a referral (you must use network providers except in a medical emergency) or HMO networks (some HMO networks require referrals and others don’t, but all require you to use network providers except in an emergency).

If a particular plan is important to you, you need to check before you enroll to determine if your desired provider accepts that plan. If not, you may want to select a different plan (if available) whose network includes that provider.

Please note that networks and network provisions can change each year and that providers can leave networks any time in the year when their contracts with the carrier expire.

All Affordable Care Act plans must cover these ten conditions called "Essential Health Benefits" ("EHB"):

• Ambulatory patient services
• Emergency services
• Hospitalization
• Maternity and newborn care
• Mental health and substance use disorder services
• Prescription drugs
• Rehabilitative and habilitative (conditions a person is born with) services
• Laboratory services
• Preventive and wellness services and chronic disease management
• *Pediatric services, including dental and vision care and services for children under age 19

* This is an essential health benefit for children. If you’re getting health coverage for someone 18 or younger, this benefit must be available for your child either as part of a health plan or as a separate stand-alone plan. While this benefit must be available to you, you don’t have to buy it. Adult dental and vision services are not an essential health benefit.

Plans that cover these conditions and meet other requirements like not exceeding maximum permitted deductibles and having adequate networks of providers are referred to as "Qualified Health Plans" ("QHP").

Exchanges are marketplaces where individuals and families can:

• Learn about some of their health coverage options,
• Qualify for tax credits and Cost Sharing Reductions ("CSR") [see answers to FAQ's 14 and 15 for an explanation],
• Compare health insurance plans based on costs, benefits, and other important features,
• Choose a plan, and
• Enroll in coverage.

Individuals MUST enroll through an exchange/marketplace to qualify for a tax subsidy or CSR. Because these determinations are quite complicated, we recommend that you call us at 786-970-0740 (Cell) to help you determine your eligibility for tax subsidies or a CSR and assist in making your choice. There is no cost to you for our services.

The exchange run by the Federal government is called the Health Insurance Marketplace (or Federally Facilitated Marketplace). States running their own exchange may also name their exchanges - for example, "Access Health Connecticut" or "Covered California." Determine what type of exchange operates in your state. Find the marketplace in your state, compare plans, and enroll.

If you qualify for tax credits or a CSR, you must enroll using the link in the last sentence of the above paragraph, through a direct link from an insurance carrier’s site to the marketplace, or a web brokerage system (see FAQ 20 for a description of web brokerage systems). Please call us at 786-970-0740 (Cell) for help with your enrollment.

Those individuals/families who do not qualify for tax credits or a CSR can shop for coverage the same way they always have: through brokers and agents or directly from health insurers (this is called buying "off-exchange").

Carriers can’t inquire or base premiums for Affordable Care Act Plans on health conditions nor can they exclude pre-existing conditions. The only factors that can be considered in determining premiums are age, smoking status, size of the family unit, and geography (usually county of residence).

Affordable Care Act plans have maximum "out-of-pocket limits" for all services covered by the plan. The maximum out-of-pocket is the most you can pay toward covered expenses in a calendar year, including deductibles, copays, coinsurance, and medications included in the plan’s formulary.

The maximum permitted out-of-pocket limit for ANY ACA plan in 2024 is $9,450 for individuals and $18,900 for families ($9,200 and $18,400 respectively in 2025). Out-of-pocket maximums have increased every year the Affordable Care Act has been in existence. 2025 is the first year ever that these maximums have been reduced from the previous year.

In some cases, plans have the same deductibles and out-of-pocket maximums. If a plan's deductible is lower than the maximum out-of-pocket maximum, that plan will usually have some form of coinsurance that applies after the deductible until the out-of-pocket maximum is met.

Smoking is defined as smoking four or more times per week within the last 6 months and does not include smoking electronic cigarettes. Smoking was more strictly defined before the ACA became effective.

Note: the Affordable Care Act permits insurers to place a surcharge of up to 150% for use of tobacco. This is the only behavioral factor that can be used to rate premiums in the individual and family ACA market.

COBRA is not replaced by the Affordable Care Act, BUT individuals should carefully consider the effects of electing COBRA instead of purchasing an Affordable Care Act plan.

If an individual elects COBRA s/he either must have exhausted COBRA to apply during a Special Enrollment Period. Otherwise, they can apply ONLY Open Enrollment.

In most (but not all) cases individuals will find it less expensive to elect an Affordable Care Act plan instead of COBRA. Contact us at 786-970-0740 (Cell) for more information.

Losing coverage and NOT electing COBRA is a qualifying life event (see FAQ 3) and entitles an individual to a Special Enrollment Period. Likewise, exhaustion of COBRA is also a qualifying life event.

LEARN MORE.

Certain individuals can also qualify for a catastrophic plan. These are health plans that meet all of the requirements applicable to other Qualified Health Plans (QHPs) but don't cover more than 3 primary care office visits per year before the plan's deductible is met. The premium amount you pay each month for health care is generally lower than for other QHPs, but the out-of-pocket costs for deductibles, copayments, and coinsurance are generally higher.

You can't qualify for tax credits or CSRs if you elect one of these plans. To qualify for a catastrophic plan, you must be under age 30 OR qualify for a "hardship exemption" because the marketplace determined that you're unable to afford health coverage.

The Federal Poverty Level ("FPL") is used to determine your eligibility for a subsidy (see FAQ 14). You're eligible for a subsidy if your income [the ACA defines income as your “Modified Adjusted Gross Income” (MAGI)]. Learn more about MAGI at FAQ 14.

You’re eligible for a subsidy if your household income is between 100% (non-Medicaid states) or 138% (Medicaid states) depending on the number of individuals in your family up to 4 times that amount (i.e., 400% of the FPL). In addition, you’re eligible for a subsidy if your income is more than 8.5% of the second lowest-cost silver plan (called the “benchmark” plan) in your zip code. (See FAQ 17 for a discussion of the ACA metallic levels.)

Moreover, you're not eligible for a tax subsidy if your income is below your state's level for Medicaid eligibility.

The FPL changes each year and is used for determining eligibility for subsidies. The Federal Poverty Levels at 100% of FPL for 2025 plans are as follows:

• $15,060 for a single individual
• $20,440 for a family of 2
• $25,820 for a family of 3
• $31,200 for a family of 4
• $36,580 for a family of 5
• $41,960 for a family of 6
• $47,340 for a family of 7
• $52,720 for a family of 8

NOTE: There are separate FPL levels and charts for Hawaii and Alaska. The above information and the chart below are for all the contiguous 48 states.

Every year, the Federal Poverty Level (FPL) (see below) changes based on the cost of living. Individuals and families need to understand where they fall on the FPL so they know (1) whether they may qualify for Medicaid in their state (modified adjusted gross income either below 100%, or 138% of the FPL for states that have enacted Medicaid expansion); (2) if they’re eligible for a tax subsidy (also called an Advance Premium Tax Credit; see below) because they earn between 100/138% and 400% of the FPL (or, alternately, those who have income above 400% of the FPL and whose cost for the benchmark silver plan in their zip code is more than 8.5% of their income); or (3) if they’re eligible for a Cost Sharing Reduction if they purchase a silver plan (see FAQ 17) and earn less than 250% of the FPL and also earn above the Medicaid threshold in their state.

Subsidy (Also Called An Advance Premium Tax Credit)

The Affordable Care Act requires that subsidies be provided to individuals and families who need help paying their monthly health insurance bills. Depending on age and county of residence, an unmarried individual or a family filing a joint return who makes between 100% (138% in Medicaid expansion states) and 400% of the Federal Poverty Level will usually be eligible for a subsidy (unless employer group coverage has been offered). Also, those with income above 400% whose cost for a benchmark silver plan is more than 8.5% of their income will also be eligible for subsidies.

Federal Poverty Level and Cost Sharing Reductions

Cost Sharing Reductions are offered ONLY for silver level metallic plans. The following chart indicates the various percentages (150, 200 and 250%) of the Federal Poverty Level that are used for determining eligibility for one of the three levels of Cost Sharing Reduction.

Unmarried individuals and families can be eligible for subsidies if their Modified Adjusted Gross Income (MAGI) is below the 400% level or if the cost of the benchmark silver level plan in their zip code is greater than 8.5% of their income. Unmarried individuals and families can be eligible for a Cost Sharing Reduction if their Modified Adjusted Gross Income is less than 250% of the FPL; eligibility for a level 6 CSR is for MAGI to be between 100/138% (depending on the state's eligibility level for Medicaid) and 150% of FPL; level 5 eligibility is between 150 and 200% of FPL; and level 4 eligibility is between 200 and 250%. MAGI is further explained in FAQ 14.

THIS FPL CHART IS USED TO DETERMINE TAX SUBSIDIES AND COST SHARING REDUCTIONS FOR 2025 PLANS

Those with modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) above 400% may qualify for tax subsidies if the cost of the benchmark (i.e., second lowest cost) silver plan in their zip code exceeds 8.5% of their income.

Before 2023 employees AND families could only become eligible for a tax subsidy if the EMPLOYEE’s portion of the premium for the lowest-priced “self-only” coverage was more than 9.62% of his or her HOUSEHOLD income and/or if the plan did not meet what is called the “minimum value” standard. This was called the “family glitch” and roughly 5 million people could not qualify to receive a tax subsidy.

Instead of basing the affordability determination for a family’s employer-sponsored health insurance on just the cost to cover the employee, the determination is now based on the cost to cover the employee plus family members, if applicable. The family glitch fix has been in effect since 2023.

• If a family must pay more than 9.02% of household income for the employer-sponsored plan in 2025 (this number changes annually) , they will potentially be eligible for premium tax credits in the marketplace. The same is also true if the coverage offered to the family does not provide minimum value (i.e., at least 60% actuarial value, which means the value provided by the typical bronze plan). So, if an employer offers, for example, separate coverage to family members that is affordable but that doesn’t provide minimum value, the family members would potentially still be eligible for a subsidy to buy a marketplace plan.
• There is a separate affordability determination for the employee (based on self-only coverage), and for family members (based on the total cost of family coverage). So, depending on how an employer subsidizes the cost of family coverage, it’s possible that coverage could be considered affordable for the employee but not for family members. In that case, the family members would potentially be eligible for a premium tax credit in the marketplace, but the employee would not. Employers offering a medical plan option in 2025 that costs employees no more than $113.20 for employe-only coverage will automatically meet the ACA affordability standard under the Federal Poverty Level (FPL) affordability safe harbor.

Click here for additional information.

The Affordable Care Act provides a tax credit (called an "advance premium tax credit") to help certain individuals afford health coverage purchased through a marketplace. Advance payments of the tax credit can be used to lower your monthly premium costs.

You'll be able to calculate the amount of any tax subsidy as well as any possible Cost Sharing Reduction (see FAQ 13) for which you're eligible by going to healthcare.gov and making an application. [(We can help you make an application by using one of our web brokerage systems (see FAQ 20)].

After you complete the application, this information will be contained in the downloadable PDF (determination letter) that will be shown on your account. You should download and print this PDF for your records. Together with showing you the subsidy and any Cost Sharing Reduction information, this document will also notify you of any information (e.g., birth certificate, proof of income, copy of green card, etc.) that you must forward to the marketplace (address is shown in the PDF) by the due date shown.

If you have a qualifying life event and are eligible for a Special Enrollment Period, the determination letter will also indicate what kind of proof, if any, you need to submit to substantiate (1) that you have experienced that event and (2) that you had prior coverage (required for some but not all SEP’s).

Generally, you have 30 days to submit proof required to substantiate a qualifying life event, 90 days to submit income verification, or 95 days to submit proof of immigration status or citizenship.

Failure to provide any of this required information by the due date indicated can and usually will result either in the cancellation of your coverage or elimination of your subsidy. This information must be forwarded to the address indicated in the determination letter (or updated in YOUR healthcare.gov account).

We suggest keeping the original documents and either uploading copies of the documents into the system or sending the copied information by certified mail with return receipt requested to the address listed in London, KY If you mail the information, you must enter your name, state of residence, and application id on the top of each page and include the page with the bar code (with your name, state of residence, and application id), which is contained in your eligibility verification notice. Click on the following link to find out more about submitting documents:

How To Submit Documents

Once you obtain subsidy and Cost Sharing Reduction information, you can then proceed to the next step and enroll in a plan.

The final step will be to make the first payment with the carrier you have chosen. You should always keep track of the application id (also shown on the downloadable PDF) as well as the user id and password you used to access the healthcare.gov website. The state exchanges contain similar capabilities.

Income for purposes of calculating subsidies is based on MAGI (Modified Adjusted Gross Income). LEARN MORE.

MAGI includes certain adjustments to Adjusted Gross Income (your income before exemptions and deductions) and is at least equal to but can be higher than AGI. (For example, AGI includes only taxable Social Security; MAGI includes the entire Social Security benefit, whether or not it’s taxable.) Other major differences include how tax-exempt interest and foreign income are calculated for AGI vs. MAGI.

You'll be able to use a calculator included on your Federal or state marketplace to estimate the amount of your tax credit as well as any Cost Sharing Reduction. Actual subsidies and eligibility for a Cost Sharing Reduction are determined ONLY when you complete and apply to your marketplace, which produces what is called an eligibility verification letter that contains this information.

Please call us at 786-970-0740 (Cell) for help in determining the amount of your tax credit, if any, and to see if you're eligible for a Cost Sharing Reduction.

A CSR is a discount that lowers the amount you pay out-of-pocket for deductibles, coinsurance, and copayments, but a CSR DOESN'T change the amount of your tax subsidy. CSR's can be used ONLY if you purchase a silver level plan (see FAQ 17).

You can qualify for a CSR if you purchase health insurance through an exchange and your income is below a certain level (between your state's income cut-off for Medicaid eligibility and 250% of the Federal Poverty Level). There are three different levels of Cost Sharing Reduction, and if you qualify for a CSR,, the level will be indicated by where your income falls on the applicable chart in FAQ 13 above.

• Level 4 applies if your reported income is between 200% and 250% of the Federal Poverty Level. Plans at this level have an actuarial value of 73% (actuarial value means that a plan will pay that % of the average individual's medical expenses).
• Level 5 applies if your reported income is between 150% and 200% of the Federal Poverty Level. CSRs at this level have an actuarial value of 87%.
• Level 6 applies if your reported income is between your state's eligibility for Medicaid and 150% of the Federal Poverty Level. CSRs at this level have an actuarial value of 94%.

Please note that levels 4, 5, and 6 are the designations used by the Federal marketplace. Some carriers use different designations (like A, B and C) but the carrier designations are based on and equate to the marketplace levels.

Many people who are eligible for silver cost sharing reductions have in the past chosen bronze plans. However, silver cost sharing reduction plans are often priced similarly to bronze plans and provide better benefits (e.g., lower copays and out-of-pocket maximums), so CMS (the agency that administers healthcare.gov) is encouraging eligible individuals to choose silver cost sharing reduction plans. Starting in 2024, those who have previously chosen bronze plans will automatically be placed into silver cost sharing reduction plans if the cost is similar.

"Coinsurance" - a percentage of your medical and drug costs that you pay out of your pocket.

"Copay" - the fixed dollar amount you pay when you receive medical services or have a prescription filled.

"Deductible" - the amount you pay for medical services and/or prescriptions before your plan pays for your benefits.

Plans sold on an exchange are primarily categorized into four health plan categories (also known as "metallic levels") - bronze, silver, gold, or platinum - based on the percentage the plan pays of the average overall cost of providing benefits to members.

The plan category you choose reflects the total amount an average person (i.e., a "standard" population) will likely spend ("actuarial value") for Essential Health Benefits (described in the answer to FAQ 7, above) during the year. Plans in each metallic level differ in premium and plan design.

While each plan in a metallic level has the same actuarial value determined on a standard population, you should determine what features and benefits are most important to YOUR situation (for example, a lower deductible may be more important to YOU than lower copays OR the reverse may be true), but the percentages the plans will spend, on average, are:

• 60 percent (bronze). Note: Expanded bronze plans have higher actuarial values and more robust benefits than regular bronze plans. They include pre-deductible coverage for at least one major service and have actuarial values that can extend as high as 65%--halfway between the average bronze and silver plan,
• 70 percent (silver),
• 80 percent (gold), and
• 90 percent (platinum)

These metallic categories also apply to health plans sold to individuals outside of an exchange.

You must make payment BEFORE the effective date of coverage for coverage to be effective. It’s VERY important that premiums are paid on a timely basis, and reinstatement is not permitted for plans that have lapsed due to non-payment of premium. Payment requirements can differ between on- and off-exchange plans.

(Note: the requirements for making continuing payments for off-exchange plans can be stricter than for on-exchange plans: with some carriers, participants in off-exchange plans must make payment within 30 days of the first day of the coverage month or they’ll lose coverage, whereas other carriers permit up to 90 days. Check with your carrier to determine their payment rules and make sure you’re in compliance. On-exchange participants must submit payment within 90 days and if they’re late in paying also need to pay intervening missed payments, as well, to retain coverage. Off-exchange participants who have longer than 30-day grace periods will also have to make up intervening missed payments. To minimize chances of losing coverage due to non-payment, we recommend paying through electronic funds transfer (EFT), if possible.

Please note that you generally must make payment directly to the carrier (payments for Federal marketplace plans for most carriers cannot be made directly with healthcare.gov). You must make payments directly to the carrier or by having us enter your payment information on a web brokerage system (see FAQ 20).

In addition, if you apply for a Special Enrollment Period and the exchange requires you to submit proof substantiating the qualifying life event, you will need to submit proof to the exchange within 30 days or you will lose your coverage. The effective date of coverage will be pended until you send in the proof and the exchange accepts that proof. Upon acceptance of proof, the exchange will notify you and will also notify the carrier. You can make payment to the carrier when the carrier posts the notification they receive from the exchange to their system. It's important to make timely payment; effective date of coverage will be the date the exchange determined your effective date of coverage to be when it asked you to submit the proof.

There is no Federal tax penalty for not having a plan that complies with the Affordable Care Act.

However, five jurisdictions--California, District of Columbia, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Rhode Island—have state tax penalties for not having ACA-qualified plans. These penalties are all calculated differently; check with your tax preparer for information about these penalties. Vermont has a mandate that non-Medicare eligible state residents must buy an ACA-qualified plan but there is no penalty for non-compliance.

This is a system that permits you to work with an insurance agent and enroll in a federal marketplace plan. You provide your personal and income information to an agent and authorize that agent to process your application with the marketplace using the web brokerage system. Working with an agent who uses a web brokerage system helps you speed up the enrollment process significantly.

Web brokerage systems must comply with HIPAA privacy and security requirements. CMS is required to certify and audit these systems and only permits those systems that meet this requirement to have what is called a direct link to healthcare.gov.

We utilize the Health Sherpa web brokerage system [which uses what is called enhanced direct enrollment (“EDE”) technology] with most of our clients who want to enroll in a marketplace plan. This significantly shortens the time it takes to complete an enrollment if we enrolled through healthcare.gov instead of using this technology. Otherwise, we make three-way calls (with us, the consumer, and the marketplace on the line) to effectuate enrollments or we assist consumers who want help in utilizing their own healthcare.gov account. In 2025 at least one carrier will not permit use of Health Sherpa to effectuate enrollments. Health Sherpa can be used to identify available plans and premiums, but the carrier’s site must be used to actually effectuate enrollment. We are prohibited from asking a consumer for their healthcare.gov user name and password and can NOT go on healthcare.gov as if we were the consumer.

We follow all privacy and informed consent requirements irrespective of the method of enrollment we use.

Client permission is required for us to (1) conduct an online person search; (2) complete a marketplace or non-marketplace application; (3) assist with plan selection and enrollment; and (4) assist with ongoing account and enrollment maintenance. Clients must provide written or recorded telephonic permission before we can help them complete an on-marketplace application — either through Health Sherpa or directly on healthcare.gov — and clients must validate income information and agree to attestations required by the marketplace.